Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars.

Before Perseverance, Jezero crater's floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification. The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.

A new concept of acousto-optic tunable filter-based near-infrared hyperspectral imager for planetary surface exploration.

In the past two decades, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging instruments have revolutionized our conception of planetary surfaces in terms of evolution, geology, mineralogy, and alteration processes. The cornerstone of this remote analysis technique is the synergy between imagery, giving the geomorphological context of the observations, and NIR spectroscopy whose spectral range is sensitive to the main absorption features of most of the minerals present on planetary surfaces. The development of a generation of space instrument based on Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters (AOTFs) increases the capacity of these spectrometers to be set up in a variety of space probes. The ExoCam concept, developed at Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale and profiting from the lab's previous experience (MicrOmega onboard Phobos-Grunt, Hayabusa 2 and ExoMars), thus, proposes for the first time to do hyperspectral imagery through a wide aperture AOTF (15 × 15 mm2) in the 0.95-3.6 µm spectral range. The characterization of this instrumental concept, led on a representative breadboard built for this purpose, showed that the acousto-optic diffraction preserves the image quality up to the diffraction/resolution limit over the whole field of view. The spectral resolution (from 2 to 25 nm over the spectral range) and accuracy of the instrument are also consistent with the identification of planetary surface minerals. This paper describes the ExoCam concept and objectives, the setup of an optical breadboard representative of a space instrument based on this concept, and the results of performance characterizations realized on the breadboard.

Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library Project: 3. Characterization of Samples With MicrOmega.

The Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library (PTAL) project aims at building and exploiting a database involving several analytical techniques, to help characterize the mineralogical evolution of terrestrial bodies, starting with Mars. Around 100 natural Earth rock samples have been collected from selected locations to gather a variety of analogs for martian geology, from volcanic to sedimentary origin with different levels of alteration. All samples are to be characterized within the PTAL project with different mineralogical and elemental analysis techniques, including techniques brought on actual and future instruments at the surface of Mars (near infrared [NIR] spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy). This article presents the NIR measurements and interpretations acquired with the ExoMars MicrOmega spare instrument. MicrOmega is an NIR hyperspectral microscope, mounted in the analytical laboratory of the ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin. All PTAL samples have been observed at least once with MicrOmega using a dedicated setup. For all PTAL samples, data description and interpretation are presented. For some chosen examples, color composite images and spectra are presented as well. A comparison with characterizations by NIR and Raman spectrometry is discussed for some of the samples. In particular, the spectral imaging capacity of MicrOmega allows detections of mineral components and potential organic molecules that were not possible with other one-spot techniques. In addition, it enables estimation of heterogeneities in the spatial distribution of various mineral species. The MicrOmega/PTAL data shall support the future observations and analyses performed by MicrOmega/Rosalind Franklin instrument.

Unsupervised Approaches for the Segmentation of Dry ARMD Lesions in Eye Fundus cSLO Images.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), a major cause of sight impairment for elderly people, is still not well understood despite intensive research. Measuring the size of the lesions in the fundus is the main biomarker of the severity of the disease and as such is widely used in clinical trials yet only relies on manual segmentation. Artificial intelligence, in particular automatic image analysis based on neural networks, has a major role to play in better understanding the disease, by analyzing the intrinsic optical properties of dry ARMD lesions from patient images. In this paper, we propose a comparison of automatic segmentation methods (classical computer vision method, machine learning method and deep learning method) in an unsupervised context applied on cSLO IR images. Among the methods compared, we propose an adaptation of a fully convolutional network, called W-net, as an efficient method for the segmentation of ARMD lesions. Unlike supervised segmentation methods, our algorithm does not require annotated data which are very difficult to obtain in this application. Our method was tested on a dataset of 328 images and has shown to reach higher quality results than other compared unsupervised methods with a F1 score of 0.87, while having a more stable model, even though in some specific cases, texture/edges-based methods can produce relevant results.

Pre-launch radiometric calibration of the infrared spectrometer onboard SuperCam for the Mars2020 rover.

Near-infrared spectroscopy has become a well-known remote sensing technique for the surface characterization of planetary objects. Among them, Mars was observed in the past by three imaging spectrometers from orbit. The Infrared Spectrometer/SuperCam instrument performs near-infrared spectroscopy from the martian surface for the first time, with a 1.15 mrad field of view, in the 1.3 µm-2.6 µm range, enabling the identification of a variety of mafic and altered minerals. Before integration aboard the rover, the spectrometer underwent a calibration campaign. Here, we report the radiometric and linearity responses of the instrument, including the optical and thermal setups used to perform them over its nominal range of operations, in terms of instrument detector temperatures and spectral range. These responses were constrained by accuracy requirements (20% in absolute radiometry, 1% in relative). The derived instrument transfer function fits within these requirements (<15% in absolute and <0.8% in relative) and shall be used to calculate the expected instrumental signal-to-noise ratio for typical observation scenarios of mineral mixtures expected to be found in the Jezero crater, and ultimately to retrieve the spectral properties of the regions of interest observed by the rover.